GMAT 오답노트 : sentence correction

The direction and length of the bee’s dance tells its fellow foragers where honey will be found out.

		tells its fellow foragers where honey will be found out
		tells its fellow foragers where they will find honey
		tells where honey will be found out by its fellow foragers
		tell where honey will be found to its fellow foragers
		tell its fellow foragers where they will find honey

The discovery of gold near Deadwood, South Dakota, drew adventurers and created economic competition, leading to violence that claimed as many as 100 lives. leading to violence that claimed as many as 100 lives leading to violence that claimed as much as 100 lives with the effect of violence that claimed as much as 100 lives with the effect that violence claimed as many as 100 lives lost and led to violence that claimed as many as 100 lives

An unconfirmed nominee doing nothing to advance the administration’s judicial goals, the president will not consider controversial candidates. An unconfirmed nominee doing nothing to advance the administration’s judicial goals, the president will not consider any controversial candidates. That nominees do nothing to advance the administration’s judicial goals unless confirmed, which is why the president will not consider controversial candidates. The reason that the president will not consider a controversial candidate is because he will do nothing to advance the administrations judicial goals unless he is confirmed. Because nominees do nothing to advance the administration’s judicial goals unless confirmed, the president will not consider controversial candidates. Nothing is done for the judicial goals of the administration by an unconfirmed candidate, which is why the president will not consider any controversial candidate.

Although the tarantula rarely bites and is much less venomous than either the black widow or the brown recluse, its fangs are of such size and power that they can be a cause of mechanical damage. its fangs are of such size and power that they can be a cause of mechanical damage its fangs are so large and powerful as to cause mechanical damage such are the size and power of its fangs that they can be a cause of mechanical damage their fangs are large and powerful enough to cause of mechanical damage such are the size and power of its fangs that it can cause mechanical damage

For an in-house public relations department, the budget is often quite different from that of other departments, because operating expenditures are low and payroll is high, as the corporation, rather than the department, absorbs most non-payroll office expenses. low and payroll is high, as the corporation, rather than the department, absorbs low and their payroll is high as they, rather than the corporation, absorb low with higher payroll in the process of absorbing low, as payroll is higher as the corporation, rather than the department, absorbs low, but its payroll is higher in the corporation's effort to absorb

Unlike the United States, where students usually select a major in their sophomore or junior year of college, students in Europeenjoy a wholly different system, in which they take exams on specified subjects before leaving secondary school, essentially choosing a major at sixteen or seventeen years of age. Unlike the United States, where students usually select a major in their sophomore or junior year of college, students in Europe Unlike United States students who usually select a major in their sophomore or junior year of college, the schools in Europe Unlike those of the United States, in which students usually select a major in their sophomore or junior year of college, most of Europe's students In contrast to the United States, whose students usually select a major in their sophomore or junior year of college, the students in most of Europe In the United States, students usually select a major in their sophomore or junior year of college, but in most of Europe, students :  Answer Choice (E) is the only choice that correctly compares students in the United with students in Europe.

Within the global warming discussion, scientists still dispute about whether current estimation techniques are adequate to determine climate sensitivity—a measure of how responsive the temperature of the climate system is to a change in the radiative forcing. about whether as to whether whether whether or not if The word "whether" presents a number of problems, so it is likely to be tested on the GMAT. In this instance, an idiomatic expression is at issue. The word "dispute" can be followed by the word "about" only when "dispute" is used as a noun, as in an argument. Here, "dispute" is a verb. So, it is incorrect to have the word "about" follow "dispute."

Although tomatoes were once regarded as poisonous, they are now seen as full of compounds essential for a healthy diet. were once regarded as had once been regarded as were once regarded as being had once regarded to be have once been regarded as

Many people think of Isaac Asimov to be solely a science fiction writer, but Asimov is the only author to have published books in all of the Dewey Decimal System’s 10 major library classifications.

		Many people think of Isaac Asimov to be
		Many people think of Isaac Asimov being
		Many people think of Isaac Asimov as
		Many people think of Isaac Asimov as being
		Isaac Asimov may be thought of, by most people, as

Due to the enormous coincidence of conditions that must exist to support intelligent life, many people believe that Earth is the only such planet in the universe. to support for the support of for supporting for a planet’s supporting for a planet to support The major error in this sentence is revealed by the phrase "only such planet." A phrase using “such” in this manner must have a relevant antecedent somewhere else in the sentence. However, the sentence as written has no such antecedent to which it can refer.

Through analysis of a microsite, which is a small area containing many fossils, a paleontologist can reconstruct a local ecosystem as it had been millions of years ago. it had been it might have been it was if during a time though it were

When we read the original sentence, we should note it had been is in the past perfect tense, which should only be used to describe action that is completed earlier than some other past action (expressed in the simple past tense). Since the other action (can reconstruct) is not in the past tense, the past perfect is incorrect. Therefore, choice (A) is incorrect.

GMAT Critical reasoning 오답노트 (6) weakening

1. 해설: 제발 문제좀 읽자. 특히 Except! 몇번째니..

The cost of transatlantic airfare has nearly doubled over the past five years, yet airlines are doing a booming business. Clearly, people today have more money to spend on vacations than they did five years ago.

All of the following, if true, would weaken the argument above EXCEPT:

		Most people buying transatlantic tickets today use them for business trips, so airfare is refunded by their companies.
		There are fewer airlines in existence today than five years ago.
		People are taking shorter vacations and staying in cheaper hotels than they used to.
		Crossing the Atlantic by ship requires more time than most people can afford.
		Domestic airline flights have seen a steady increase in passengers.

             -> 유일하게 결론을 바꾸지 못하는 답. It shows more booming business and vacation money. 

At Food World Supermarket, built in 1975, the number of successful thefts has risen dramatically in the last few months. (evidence) Food World has a reliable electronic security system at all customer exit doors, and this system is always in operation. Therefore, (conclusion) the thefts must have been committed by people who used exits other than the regular customer exit doors.

Assumption: the exits that are equipped with a reliable security system are not breakable by thefts.  

Which of the following is an assumption that would make the conclusion above logically correct?

		If a surveillance system is installed in a supermarket, it is always equipped at every possible exit.
		If an employee so wishes, he is allowed to leave through an exit that is not monitored by surveillance equipment.
		If a store has a reliable security system, it is impossible to pass through the system undetected.
		If a supermarket was built before 1980, it often has exits that cannot be equipped with electronic surveillance.
		If a store has a reliable electronic security system but is still experiencing a rise in theft, it must be the case that the employees are stealing.

Our local baseball team needs our support. Ever since the new soccer franchise was established in our city, our local newspaper, (evidence) the Constitution-Herald, has reduced its coverage of baseball. Clearly, (conclusion) the presence of the new soccer franchise is hurting the attendance at local baseball games.

The assumption must link the coverage in the newspaper to the conclusion.

Which of the following, if true, would most WEAKEN the argument above?

		The publisher of the Constitution-Herald is an avid baseball fan.
		All baseball teams in the country are showing reduced attendances.
		The owner of the local baseball franchise also owns the soccer franchise.
		Nearly all local fans who go to baseball games read the sports coverage only in the local paper Sport City.
		In general, newspaper readers prefer to watch basketball.

The World Automobile Association (WAA) publishes a list of the "Best and Worst Drivers of the World," ranking the drivers of every nation according to the number of traffic deaths per mile driven in that country.

Each of the following, if true, would by itself provide a logical objection to using the WAA's ranking as a representation of the quality of drivers in each nation EXCEPT:

		The roads in some countries are in bad repair and are therefore more dangerous than roads in other countries.
		The average driver in industrialized countries can afford to maintain his or her car in better condition than can the average driver in less developed countries.
		Some countries contain hundreds of thousands of miles of road while other countries contain relatively few miles of road. : just fact!
		Minor accidents that would cause little injury in many countries are often fatal when they occur in extremely mountainous countries.
		Because of differences in national economies, the average car in some countries contains many more passengers than does the average car in other countries.

The Kapoor Meatworks has a virtual monopoly on expensive, gourmet delicacies. In order to expand their market, they intend to offer a budget line of less costly delicacies. (evidence) Such a product is virtually unknown, and they realize that its success depends upon a heavy advertising campaign. They have decided to (conclusion) finance the advertising with the profits from their gourmet line.

Which of the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility, would constitute the most serious obstacle to the Kapoor Meatworks' project?

		The introduction of a budget line of delicacies completely undercuts the sales of the gourmet line.
		At the start, the company spends more on advertising than it makes from sales of the budget line delicacies.
		When the budget line delicacies grow in popularity, competitors enter the budget delicacies market and Kapoor does not have a monopoly in that market.
		Many of the consumers who purchase the budget line are tempted to try the delicacies offered in the gourmet line.
		Many of the stores that now carry Kapoor's gourmet line of delicacies are exclusive, and refuse to carry their budget line.

GMAT Critical reasoning 오답노트 (5) weakening

A public health organization has proposed preventing further degradation of air quality through tougher emissions standards on automobiles. The proposed standards will decrease the incidence of asthma and other respiratory ailments. Tougher standards than those that are currently in place, however, will require expensive modifications to automobiles now on the road and will add to the cost of new automobiles. (evidence) The costs of further reducing emissions will outweigh the medical costs saved as a result of the decrease in asthma attacks and other respiratory problems. Therefore, (Conclusion) there is no economic rationale for requiring further reductions in automobile emissions.

Which of the following, if true, would undermine the conclusion that there is no economic rationale for requiring further reductions in automobile emissions?

		In matters of public health, economic factors should not control the decision making process. ->out of scope
		The increase in the price of new automobiles under the proposed standards will be less than the cost of modifying existing automobiles. ->Irrelevant; since they are on the same side equation
		The medical costs of treating respiratory illnesses are expected to decrease in the next decade. -> 180
		The modifications to automobiles that are required under the proposed emissions standards will be less expensive than many modifications that consumers chose to make on a voluntary basis. -> Irrelevant -> 영향을 줄 수 있을 지 모르나 결론을 바꾸지는 못한다.
		Other costs, such as lost wages, incurred by those who suffer from respiratory illness caused by automobile emissions are far greater than the medical costs they incur.

Statistics show that although consumption of low-calorie, alternative sweeteners has gone up in each of the past five years, so (evidence)has the percentage of the population that is obese. According to sugar manufacturers, this shows that (conclusion)the low-calorie, alternative sweeteners are not effective weight loss aids.

결론은 효과가 없다. weaken -> 효과가 있다. 

Which of the following assertions, if true, would most weaken the sugar manufacturers' conclusion?

		Many people who use low-calorie, alternative sweeteners eat some foods that are not low-calorie. -> 애매하다.
		Some low-calorie, alternative sweeteners can increase the appetite, making a person eat more than he or she normally would. ->180
		Many people use low-calorie, alternative sweeteners to accompany a well-balanced, low-calorie diet. -> Nothing
		Obesity has declined among people who have consistently used low-calorie, alternative sweeteners.
		The rise in the consumption of low-calorie, alternative sweeteners is primarily due to an increase in the number of users rather than an increase in the amount each user consumes. -> out of scope

With the emergence of biomedical technology companies, it was feared that (Prediction) they would impose secrecy about proprietary research on their in-house staff and academic consultants. (conclusion)This constraint, in turn, would slow the development of medical science and the emergence of new technology.

Which of the following, if true, would tend to weaken most seriously the prediction of scientific secrecy described above?

:Which answer will provides any reason to expect that the prediction will or will not be fulfilled?

		Biomedical research funded by the industry has reached some conclusions that are of major importance. Irreleveant
		When the results of scientific research are kept secret, independent researchers are unable to build on those results. Strenthen
		Since the priorities of biomedical technology companies dissimilar to those of academic institutions, financial support of research by such companies distorts the research agenda. out of scope
		To improve visibility and enhance their reputation within the scientific community, most biomedical companies encourage employees to publish their work. the prediction will not be fulfilled.
		Biomedical technology firms allocate a portion of their research resources to problems that are of fundamental medical importance and that are not expected to produce immediate practical applications.

Some fast food chains have responded to concerns that their products are contributing to a perceived obesity crisis by offering customers a wide assortment(모음, 종합) of new "low carbohydrate" and "low fat" menu offerings. Clearly, (question) the reason for these menu changes is a desire on the part of these chains to prove that(explanation) fast food does not necessarily have to be unhealthful junk food.

:casual argument. we simply need to find a different cause for the introduction of the new items. 

Which of the following most seriously undermines the explanation offered above for the behavior of the fast food chains?

		Nutritionists are still strongly divided over whether a low carbohydrate diet or a low fat diet is better for helping people to lose weight.
		Many items that are neither low fat nor low carbohydrate remain highly popular at the fast food chains that have begun to offer more healthful options.
		Those who tend to be the most concerned about the harmful effects of fast food on Americans' health would be unlikely to eat at these chains even if the chains provided low fat and low carbohydrate menu options.
		Fast food chains have found that they can charge significantly higher prices for menu offerings that are perceived to be healthful and nutritious.
		Consumer pressure has led several fast food chains to eliminate "jumbo-sized" menu offerings because of the perception that these offerings promote poor health and obesity.

The average score on a class test was 85%, (evidence) but students who studied using the workbook had an average of 89%, and those who studied using the textbook had an average of 82%. A new student recently joined the class. (conclusion)That new student decided to study using the workbook so he can get a higher score on the next test.

the reader should identify that this is more than one factor that could help determine a student's final grade

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the new student's rationale for using the workbook to study?

		The teacher did not believe that studying from the textbook helped people get a higher score on the test. Irrelevant
		The vice-principal thought that the method for calculating the scores was incorrect. opinion
		The scores attributed to the students who studied using the workbook was as a result of the time they spent studying.
		Someone who studied using the textbook received a score of 99% on the test. That is possible and has no effect on the argument
		Many of the questions on this test were harder than the questions that appeared on the last test. Irrelevant